“Large ISP” got away with refusing filter

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news Former Communications Minister Stephen Conroy has revealed that the Australian Federal Police appears to have given up on pursuing the un-named large Australian ISP which flatly refused to implement the Federal Government’s limited mandatory ISP filtering scheme based on a list of offensive sites supplied by Interpol.

In November last year, Conroy formally dumped the Government’s highly controversial mandatory Internet filtering scheme, instead throwing his support behind a much more limited scheme which sees Australian ISPs voluntarily implementing a much more limited filter which Telstra, Optus and one or two other ISPs were believed to have already implemented. Vodafone is also believed to be implementing the filter, and the process is also believed to be under way at other ISPs such as iiNet.

The ‘voluntary’ filter only blocks a set of sites which international policing agency Interpol has verified contain “worst of the worst” child pornography — not the wider Refused Classification category of content which Conroy’s original filter had dealt with. The instrument through which the ISPs are blocking the Interpol list of sites is Section 313 of the Telecommunications Act. Under the Act, the Australian Federal Police is allowed to issue notices to telcos asking for reasonable assistance in upholding the law. The AFP has issued such notices to Telstra, Optus and a number of other major ISPs to ask them to filter the Interpol blacklist of sites.

However, documents released to the Greens in March cast fresh doubt about industry uptake of the scheme, revealing that very few Australian ISPs apart from Telstra and Optus had consented to take up the scheme. At the time, it was revealed that one medium-sized ISP had not responded to the AFP’s advances at all, while one “large” ISP had refused to comply with a Section 313 notice to filter the Interpol list. It is suspected that the large ISP is TPG, which has previously signalled that it would not deploy the Interpol filter scheme. Exetel, a medium-sized ISP, has also previously signalled its unwillingness to deploy the filter.

In April, Greens Communications Spokesperson, Senator Scott Ludlam, asked Conroy a series of follow-up questions with respect to the use of Section 313 notices and the Interpol filter, including specific details of how and when the Australian Federal Police had filed a complaint with the Australian Communications and Media Authority regarding the one large ISP which had refused to implement the Interpol filter. The ACMA has powers of adjudication with respect to adherence to Section 313 notices, under the Telecommunications Act.

In a response published last week, Conroy noted that the AFP had on 15 January this year requested the ACMA’s general views on the application of subsection 313(1) of the legislation, as well as details of any prospective and investigation processes which the ACMA might use where an ISP chose not to cooperate with a request made by the AFP under Section 313 of the Telecommunications Act.

However, it appears from Conroy’s response that the AFP did not follow up with the ACMA and file a formal request for adjudication with respect to the ISP which refused to implement the Interpol filter. “The ACMA advises it is not currently investigating or adjudicating on any matters that are covered by Sections 313 or 314 of the Act,” Conroy’s response stated. “… The ACMA advises it has not received a request for adjudication in relation to compliance with Section 313, or other relevant sections, of the Telecommunications Act.”

The ACMA advised that since 1 July 2005, it had taken no enforcement action against any ISP or other telco in relation to non-compliance with Section 313 of the Telecommunications Act.

If the ACMA did decide to adjudicate in the matter and found that the ISP had wrongfully rejected a Section 313 notice, the regulator has powers to issue a formal warning; give a remedial direction; or institute proceedings in the Federal Court for the recovery of “a pecuniary penalty”.

The news casts fresh light on the consequences for any ISP which may refuse to follow directions listed in a Section 313 notice issued by a government agency, and comes as the use of such notices has recently come to public attention.

In May it was revealed that the use of Section 313 notices had spread beyond the Federal Police, with the Federal Government confirming its financial regulator ASIC had started requiring Australian ISPs to block websites suspected of providing fraudulent financial opportunities, in a move which appeared to also open the door for other government agencies to unilaterally block sites they deem questionable in their own portfolios. It was subsequently confirmed that another un-named agency within the Attorney-General’s portfolio had used Section 313 notices to block a site for “national security” reasons.

There appears to be no public oversight of the process of using Section 313 notices to request websites be blocked by ISPs, no appeals mechanism, and no transparency to the public or interaction with the formal justice system. A move by ASIC in April to block several sites suspected of providing fraudulent investment information resulted in the inadvertent blockage of some 1,200 other innocent sites, and the regulator has since confirmed it accidentally blocked some 250,000 more.

The revelations were immediately greeted with alarm by a number of political groups and digital rights lobby organisations, who expressed concern that ASIC’s move could herald the covert return of the Federal Government’s previous mandatory Internet filtering scheme, which the Government abandoned in November last year. Commentators immediately called upon the Government to reveal how widespread the practice is.

So far no ISP is known to have refused a Section 313 notice by ASIC to block websites suspected of fraudulent activity. The regulator has previously sent notices to major telcos such as Telstra, Optus, AAPT and PIPE Networks.

However, the AFP’s lack of enforcement action with respect to the ISP which refused to deploy the Interpol filter may seed speculation within the telco sector about the possibility of refusing such notices in future.

In comments posted on Delimiter, yesterday iiNet chief regulatory officer Steve Dalby noted that the language contained in ASIC’s Section 313 notices (published under Freedom of Information regulations last week) would have led iiNet to decline such a notice on the basis that ASIC was requesting websites be blocked “pursuant to investigations”, but without evidence of an actual crime having been committed.

“Just imagine if any website (like yours, for example) could be blocked for a month, just because you or your activities were under investigation. It would put most on-line enterprises out of business,” said Dalby. “It’s absolutely unacceptable. Anybody could be ‘under investigation’, it takes due process and evidence to find you guilty. Without transparency, due process and appropriate authority, no blocking should be possible. Section 313(3) is about enforcement, that is – once guilt has been determined and enforcement (of the penalty) follows. There is nothing in 313(3) about ‘investigations.”

In another comment, Dalby noted that he would agree that “a warrant, court order or something equally authoritative is more appropriate for a significant step such as a website block”.

opinion/analysis
Look, the information we have here from Conroy with respect to the AFP and the ACMA isn’t conclusive. We don’t know what other action the AFP might have taken, or be planning to take, with respect to the ISP (TPG?) which flatly refused to implement the Interpol filter.

However, I think what this information suggests (when taken along with Dalby’s comments and Optus’ revelation this week that it was reviewing how it responded to Section 313 notices) is that the use of Section 313 notices by organisations such as ASIC and the AFP in this manner, to request websites be blocked, is an unusual and largely unprecedented use of that section of the Telecommunications Act.

The law here is not clear, and it is very possible that agencies such as the AFP and ASIC are interpreting it in a way that would not stand up in court. Greens Senator Scott Ludlam has called for a wholesale re-examination of this area of the Telecommunications Act, and I strongly agree that this needs to be undertaken. This kind of situation is best characterised as “the Wild West” of Internet regulation. Nobody quite knows what they’re allowed to do yet — and that represents a perfect scenario for an open public inquiry leading to the creation of new legislation. We should not allow the law to remain gray and imprecise. And especially not when we’re talking about arbitrary censorship of the Internet at the random behest of secretive government agencies.

38 COMMENTS

  1. Good on (TPG)? for standing upto the authorities. Wish more ISP had of done the same rather than just bend over and say yes please sir.

    • Not everyone caves on these notices.

      I know of a very small ISP that received one and did not cave. But it helped them that someone like TPG didn’t give in.

    • It wasn’t TPG. I know that for a certainty. There isn’t any specific refusal.
      The suggestion that there was anybody refusing was based on an administrative mistake. It has been left uncorrected and then the debate further fueled by speculation.

      It’s funny to see these articles and comments continue unabated.

      A pity it’s such an important topic and a pity that the responsible organization has failed to publicly correct their error.

      • So why did the AFP specifically state that one large ISP resfused and the matter was being referred to the ACMA. I refer you to questions on notice Question 2821 sometime back in February.

        Sorry Steve Dalby, I’ll believe the government answers backed up by AFP minutes reproduced as part of the answers. If the government is willing to admit fault in that one large ISP refused to follow their directions then I’ll believe it.

        You mince words SD all too often and use misdirection. If it was not TPG then it was another large ISP simple hey.

      • Seems a more recent Answers to Questions on Notice have somewhat contradicted you.

        http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Chamber_documents/Senate_chamber_documents/qon/question?number=2917

        The AFP did ask the ACMA about what happens to ISPs that don’t follow directions (ie refuse), and apparently the AFP did not get the answer they wanted and did not follow up with a more formal complaint.

        I guess that is the “Administrative error”, that is the AFP could not force the ISP to filter.

        • You have set up a false dichotomy between “compliance” and “refusal”. There are other things that can happen: “please send us a warrant” could be one of them which is strictly compliance but might be interpreted by the AFP as obstructionist or flat out refusal. Another could be, “it’s in the process” (i.e.: the food processor, where it belongs).

          By setting things up as a dichotomy of “any act that is not compliance is obviously refusal” you are falling in to the good old, “anyone who isn’t for us is against us” thinking of various autocracies over the ages.

          • Have you read the Questions on Notice replies and the AFP minutes, and listened to the AFP responding to Scott in senate enquiries.

            I realise that it may seem like I set up a either/or, but according to all official documents, senate videos and ACMA and Conroy there NO indication that any administrative error occurred other than the AFP not following though with a formal complaint against the 2 ISPs that the AFP claim refused to comply.

            In this case it should be Steve who supplies evidence to back up his claim. The AFP did enquire of the ACMA as to what the ACMA would do, just didn’t lodge a complaint.

            Has anyone else made this claim? And is not using Steve as their source?

  2. If it is TPG, why don’t they come out and say it’s them? That would be great publicity.

  3. The law is certainly unclear in the sense that the interpretation of the AFP and other government agencies of S313 has been that they are able to use it to block material almost at will.

    The only way that this can be clarified is for the High Court to review the legislation and rule on what is the correct way to interpret S313. This seems to be something that the government is reluctant to have occur.

    It may be we do need to have new laws passed in order to allow what the government departments and agencies want. They must also accept that they will be subject to check, balances and supervision as required by the people. Judging by their efforts in regard to data retention laws I am not confident that they are prepared to willingly accept the necessary restraints that would enable the implementation of new laws.

    • Your not likely to see that challenge unless Bigpond start refusing or an affected site takes it up.
      Don’t think an affected site is likely to take up the fight given the size of site likely to be caught in the S313 net and the potential legal costs involved, might only be possible with the support of some special interest groups like the EFA and IIA.

  4. Thanks Renai for shining some light onto this topic that tries to stay in the shadows.

  5. So according to Dalby, the language of a s313 would cause iiNet to decline them .. but it’s not iiNet declining them? *confused*

    • Or iiNet have not been given one without prima facie evidence that a crime *has been* committed. Of course, in this case a warrant issued by a judicial authority is the appropriate mechanism.

  6. iinet won’t respond to s313, but they do implement the voluntary filter for inappropriate web sites. Two different things.

    • @artful dodger

      No, we don’t do anything voluntarily. We do it because our legal advice is that the AFP notice has triggered legal obligations that we must comply with.

      Child abuse content is illegal to create, make available or to access. There is no ‘inappropriate’ about it. It’s illegal in all circumstances in Australia. S313(1) requires that we prevent our facilities from being used in the commission of a crime against the laws of the Commonwealth.

      When three different international law enforcement jurisdictions have their experts sift through all the possibilities and declare it to be child abuse under the meaning of the Act, it gets on the Interpol list. It is then verified again by sworn officers of the AFP. The site gets added to the blocking list, a splash page is provided for redirection, which explains what the hell is going on and an appeal mechanism is in place in the event that a mistake is made.

      All this is public knowledge, provided on the AFP’s website. Compare that process to the ASIC approach. It’s chalk and cheese and wishful thinking on the part of ASIC.

      That’s why our response differs between the two approaches.

      • Steve,
        Re: your remark “All this is public knowledge, provided on the AFP’s website.” Where on the AFP website is any of that stated, let alone all of it – and most especially when and where have the AFP ever said that domains on the Interpol list are subsequently “verified again by sworn officers of the AFP”. I don’t think that’s fact, and I can’t find anything at all about the Interpol list on the AFP site.

        Also, the so called appeals mechanism to which you refer is totally inadequate. The Interpol site says that if a person makes a complaint/request for review of a domain, Interpol will not tell the complainant the outcome of any review. Hence Interpol could ignore all complaints/requests for review and no-one would/could know. Also, I’m 99% sure the AFP has never said that complaints/review requests can be sent to the AFP. Furthermore, Interpol says it will not act on review requests from web site ‘owners’ whose site has been blocked unless the requester’s name/details are the same as in the whois domain registration for the site. (I hope I don’t need to explain what’s wrong and indequate with that aspect of Interpol’s policy).

      • And like you do with scamming sites as revealed by other iiNet employees, why do with the worst of the worst list. And that is email/contact the host and tell them of the site with the illegal material. Its now illegal everywhere and like scamming sites, they will be removed by the host. I know they remove illegal material quickly, so why not go one better and get the material removed then there is no need for blocking the list.

  7. The NBN’ll fix it. Once the whole fixed line internet and phone network goes through a single government-owned network whatever the spooks and the police and the bureaucrats and the government want will be done. There won’t even have to be laws to make it legal. It’ll be like East Germany under the communists.

    • What absolute nonsense. A layer 2 supplier like NBN Co has absolutely no ability to filter IP traffic of the www. Regardless of who runs the pipes, it’s the ISP that will be responsible for implementing filtering. Go put your tinfoil hat back on and stop trying to scare the regular folks.

      • “What absolute nonsense”

        Indeed isaac. But you’ll have to forgive gordun he doesn’t quite grasp the basics of communications networks like we do. Also keep in mind he once said “the majority of people who are quite well served by 8 or 6 or even the 2-3 Mb/s” meaning according to him everything you need to do can be accomplished with that much bandwidth. Puzzling that he would not realise that this can apply to all parts of a network so “whatever the spooks and the police” can accomplish with the NBN they can accomplish without the NBN. Thing is if you think about it with the NBN there will not only be more data to sift through but with greater speeds it will be easier for users circumvent filters and whatnot so if anything it will be harder for the “spooks” to deal with. I think if gordun was really sincere with his concern over “spooks” (somehow I doubt it) he would be saying “bring on the NBN!” rather than the poorly thought out comment he made…

      • “A layer 2 supplier like NBN Co has absolutely no ability to filter IP traffic of the www”

        There is no technological hurdle to overcome: the NBN already controls the connection from the customer to the ISP. The customer can provide off-the-shelf consumer level equipment that can handle the task quite adequately. NBNCo is already able to control and monitor the traffic, they need to be able to do this in order to provide the service in the first place.

        If you are basing your opinion on equipment that you have access to at a consumer or commercial level, you really need to recalibrate your assumptions. There is specialised equipment in use by carriage services and international pipe services that is quite capable of analysing the data stream in flow by flow detail at speeds in excess of 10Gbps. As an example of what is available at the commercial off-the-shelf level: http://www.bivio.net/products/dpi/ (10Gbps wire speed analysis, under $90k, available in 2007).

        Imagine what is available at the “contact us for a price” level or the “we are the Government, we were never here and this discussion never happened” level?

        • You’re trying to tell me you honestly think it’s viable that NBNCo is going to apply DPI hardware to all their layer 2 networks in-line IN REAL TIME for all customers to provide monitoring and FILTERING (which is being discussed here)?

          So they’re going to spent countless hundreds of millions in hardware to monitor at layer 2 every single customer on the NBN… and then still be thwarted by something so simple as SSL (or any other layer 2.5/3/4/5 encryption schemes implemented).

          I repeat again, “what absolute nonsense”.

          • SSL does not defend against traffic analysis. Knowing who you are talking to is almost as useful as knowing what was communicated. Knowing that you use Tor makes easier to target you for extraordinary rendition and enhanced interrogation. After all, only criminals and traitors use Tor, right?

            The NBN project is going to cost $60B give or take, what is a few hundred million for high bandwidth DPI gear at the 120-odd points of interconnect? The police want to catch kiddy fiddlers, ASIO wants to catch spies and terrorists, other agencies have their own reasons for wanting to intercept and filter what goes over the wire.

            Your insistence that such a scheme is “nonsense” only speaks to your naïveté and misunderstanding of the technology available in this field.

            And as for SSL foiling data interception: there already exist transparent SSL proxies which will generate certificates on the fly, so you as the end user will never know that your ISP or employer or the Government was intercepting your secure transmissions. The only way to be sure is to exchange SSL certificates out-of-band and verify each request using those certificates.

          • Oh… so not only are you implying the NBNCo (an independent non-regulatory body) will apply mass deep packet inspection for every Australian in real time to implement real time filtering… but you’re suggesting they would implement SSL spoofing to completely remove security protections we all depend upon for secure transactions for banks and other confidential information.

            ABSOLUTE NONSENSE.

            If, on the other hand, you’re saying they would implement lawful interception of particular individuals through the use of DPI: You’re absolutely correct and they would be well within their legal right to do so. But they aren’t going to be going to the NBNCo for that… they’ll be talking to your ISP. Like they have always done.

          • Why negotiate with the ISPs for lawful intercept when you can simply build it into the network that the ISPs are required to use?

            You keep saying “absolute nonsense” like the phrase means anything. That you feel the need to use all caps to shout the message at me indicates that you have no other argument than “because I said so.”

            If you were a security agency looking to remove the hurdle of asking ISPs for permission to spy on their customers, why not take over the carriage service and intercept those communications before the ISP even gets to touch them? If you were a censorship authority seeking to implement mandatory Internet filtering, why go through the rigmarole of legislating that ISPs do the filtering for you when you can just run the network yourself and do the filtering without any begging?

            The cost savings alone would be worth the effort: by getting the lawyers out of the action you cut the expenses by 99%! No longer do you need to spend thousands of dollars for each request: just plug in a $100k piece of hardware and have the suspect’s data stream on your desk live on demand, and thanks to that investment we can filter dangerous materials without ISPs making a fuss.

            Why are you against this idea? What are you hiding?

    • Theres no problems with that … I heard the govt have already awarded that tender to the amerikana NSA, extra capacity already installed at Pine Gap, so its all a goer

  8. I have been with TPG for years but with the NBN coming online in a few weeks it will be sadly a move to IiNet and its strangely variable attitudes from Malone and Dalby, the latter of whom appears to believe that due to his position as a private citizen in a private comms country, he and his team of private employees have some inalienable right to make decisions for us as to what we can see and hear, depending on whether or not he/they think that various government imposed censoring is right or wrong.

    When will we get to find out exactly what level of detail these private citizens have been afforded by the ‘authorities’ to enable them to make calls about the ‘Interpol filter’, what security clearances they hold or what right they have to arbitrarily make decisions on our behalf?

    I have bugger all faith in the ‘authorities’ being sufficiently qualified or intelligent enough to make these major moral decisions behind closed doors, and even less for self appointed managers in private companies, like isps, either in concert with them or in conflict with them. Its simply not their call to make, despite statements from Mr Dalby like:

    “The Interpol block may not be live yet, but it’s happening. That AFP 313 notice was put through the wringer, and we are satisfied that it is effective, has checks and balances, follows due process, and is quite transparent.”

    Well thats nice Steve, but who the hell gave you the right to be judge and jury of what we can or cannot see? The market? Your terms and conditions? The tea room crew? Some faceless dude in ACMA? The FSA?

    Do tell…

    • If you had a closer look at the whole internet censorship (filtering) debate you would find that iiNet has been consistent in its approach.

      Dalby and Malone have both said unequivocally that their company will obey the law. What they wont do is roll over and accept what they consider to be requests to do things that are outside the legal requirements. Dalby has said here that he didn’t believe that the ASIC notices were at the legal level required for iiNet to provide assistance but that the AFP notices for the implementation of the internet filter are and this has been confirmed to them by their legal.advisers.

      We are talking about the company that took AFACT to the High Court on copyright notices so I don’t think that they have much to prove when it comes to standing up to legal bullies.

      Neither Malone or Dalby have set themselves up as arbiters of what we see or hear and that claim by you is spurious and has no evidence basis to justify you making it. Their public comments have been about the legal requirements that they have to meet not the morality of censorship.using S313 notices.

      How do you really expect anyone to take you seriously Duke when you are making unfounded allegations with no evidence? You should consider apologising for your unwarranted claims..

      • Apologise? Well…….. nope.

        See its not consistency that bothers me, it is transparency.

        “We are satisfied that it is effective, has checks and balances, follows due process, and is quite transparent”

        My comments are purely with regard to the Interpol notices, not the ASIC fun and games.

        When the government decided to effectively outsource their relatively limited censorship implementation to private isps by S313 notices they raised a number of issues. This happens when private personnel from the CEO down to the cleaner becomes involved with government processes, particularly in areas of relatively high security, like the data we are discussing here. This is when you need to look at the risks of stuff getting out there, and in this scenario, apparently fairly nasty stuff at that. Thats why they have things like security clearances of many forms, levels and specifications. They take a long time to clear, and they don’t come easy. There are physical aspects to securing data as well, but if the personnel is locked down that is an easier aspect to assess.

        So what we have here is more than just the moral or philosophical argument as to whether or not we should take assurances from private sector employees that they are satisfied with the process with which they have been provided to implement the legal requirement to impose the governments block, filter, call it what you will, of the Interpol sites. What you have here is a situation that a private company will follow the requirements of law where required and thats terrific. What you also have though, is the declaration that that company is satisfied that the process they are obliged to implement is “effective, has checks and balances, follows due process, and is quite transparent.”.

        That may very well be terrific too, and I have the utmost respect for IiNet, Malone, Dalby et al for the way they refused to lay down and take the path of least resistance to AFACT. However, when it comes to the process involved here, I see a statement of assessment that apparently has no independent evaluation and which therefore has be taken on face value in the absence of same.

        • Hey Duke if it is transparency that worries you, shouldn’t you be complaining about the AFP and the government.

          AFAIA the ISPs don’t know exactly what sites are on the Interpol list and they don’t need to know all they need is the DNS addresses they have to block.

          Before you give the ISPs and their employees a razz I suggest you go and have a look at the Interpol site and the whirlpool mandatory ISP filtering thread and work out what this issue is about and where the responsibility lays. It sure doesn’t lay with the ISPs or their staff.

          I can assure you I am not happy with the Interpol filter and have been pointing out its faults along with many others since it was announced by Conroy. I am also a realist and subscribe to the theory that the electors are the ones to punish the politicians if they get it wrong. It is not up to businesses to disobey the law to make a moral point.it is the electors if that is really necessary.

          • I have been involved with this on Whirlpool and other forums for years, admittedly under another nic.

            “AFAIA the ISPs don’t know exactly what sites are on the Interpol list and they don’t need to know all they need is the DNS addresses they have to block”.

            Well that may well be, but I am not in the embedded isps or the departments involved, and am not partial to analytical scenarios of government/private sector information, having been involved in the real thing over four decades. So where is the uncontestable evidence that private employees cannot gain access to detailed data?

            I was on the Whirlpool thread from part one, so I don’t believe I need to follow your presumptuous advice here. You still don’t understand my basic point here. The isps are a cog in the wheel here, of course, so why make a banket declaration about the process being ‘transparent’ when nobody can verify it except the players involved?

            I never suggested any private person break the law. I question why an employee of an isp would make a statement about the NATURE of the process and their satisfaction with it when this is a value call that can’t be independently verified.

            Anyhow, this has got down to semantics and cross purposes, we agree on the broad principles and I will leave it at that.

            Cheers…

  9. I am with Bigpond and with the Interpol filter in place I am yet to see any change in the speed of my Internet connection – it has not affected me one bit. I don’t even feel that the filter is in force. Any sane person would not go looking for sites in the Interpol blacklist anyway.

    • There are not sufficient sites on the Interpol filter list to cause speed issues.

      The problem that most people have with the Interpol list is that it can be altered by the AFP if they want or are directed to by the government. There are no independent checks and balances in place to ensure that it only contains “worst of the worst” sites when implemented at the local level.

    • There will be no slowdown caused by the Interpol filter. It is a dns filter.

      You can bypass it 100% by changing your dns server to 8.8.8.8, run by Google.

      The reason we fight the Interpol filter is because it is useless. Less than trivial to bypass.

      The filters that WORK? Those ones are the ones that slow the internet.

      Ultimately, after freedom, we also complain about the cost. Howuch money has been spent getting us to what we have now? And it can’t even work.

      Take your pick, I am sure you can pick one thing to dislike about the filter.

  10. By ‘worst of the worst’ and ‘interpol’ you mean… ‘worst of the worst’ + whatever the ASIC feels like blocking

    • No.

      These are 2 completely different schemes. Run by different government departments. Operated using 2 completely different technologies. And notices issued to (as far as I am aware) 2 different classes of ISP. With blocks running for 2 completely different reasons. With notices requesting blocking access to 2 completely different classes of threat. And requesting filtering action by the ISP for 2 completely different durations (indefinite vs 1 month).

      The only commonalities are:
      1) they are broadly speaking “censorship”
      2) They employ section 313 notices.

      We fight them because of 1) and we fight because of 2)’s open-ended-ness when used in this manner.

      But they are both completely different schemes, and you do the fight against them a disservice conflating them.

  11. I wonder if blocking child pornography could lead to paedos going out in a van offering free lollies instead.

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